| Thermomedics Diabetes Guide Diabetes Type 2 and Treatments Part 1. Eating and Diabetes You can take good care of yourself, avoid retinopathy and prevent diabetes by learning • what to eat • how much to eat • when to eat Making wise food choices can help you • feel good every day • lose weight if you need to • lower your risk for heart disease, stroke, and problems caused by diabetes. Healthful eating helps keep your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, in your target range. Physical activity and, if needed, diabetes medicines also help. The diabetes target range is the blood glucose level suggested by diabetes experts for good health. You can help prevent health problems by keeping your blood glucose levels on target. According to a recent clinical trial an important aspect of weight management for diabetics is the achievement of energy balance despite increased intake of high fat foods. Blood Glucose Levels What should my blood glucose levels be? Target Blood Glucose Levels for People with Diabetes Before meals: 70 to 130 1 to 2 hours after the start of a meal: less than 180 Ask your doctor how often you should check your blood glucose on your own. Also ask your doctor for an A1C test at least twice a year. Your A1C number gives your average blood glucose for the past 3 months. The results from your blood glucose checks and your A1C test will tell you whether your diabetes care plan is working. How can I keep my blood glucose levels on target? You can keep your blood glucose levels on target by • making wise food choices • being physically active • taking medicines if needed For people taking certain diabetes medicines, following a schedule for meals, snacks, and physical activity is best. You’ll work with your health care team to create a diabetes plan that’s best for you. Talk with your doctor about how many meals and snacks to eat each day. Your Diabetes Medicines What you eat and when you eat affect how your diabetes medicines work. Talk with your doctor about when to take your diabetes medicines. Understand the symptoms of diabetes. Your Physical Activity Plan What you eat and when also depend on how much you exercise. Physical activity is an important part of staying healthy and controlling your blood glucose. Keep these points in mind: • Talk with your doctor about what types of exercise are safe for you. • Make sure your shoes fit well and your socks stay clean and dry. Check your feet for redness or sores after exercising. Call your doctor if you have sores that do not heal. • Warm up and stretch for 5 to 10 minutes before you exercise. Then cool down for several minutes after you exercise. For example, walk slowly at first, stretch, and then walk faster. Finish up by walking slowly again. • Ask your doctor whether you should exercise if your blood glucose level is high. • Ask your doctor whether you should have a snack before you exercise. • Know the signs of low blood glucose, also called hypoglycemia. Always carry food or glucose tablets to treat low blood glucose. • Always wear your medical identification or other ID. • Find an exercise buddy. Many people find they are more likely to do something active if a friend joins them. Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia) Low blood glucose can make you feel shaky, weak, confused, irritable, hungry, or tired. You may sweat a lot or get a headache. If you have these symptoms, check your blood glucose and seek medical advice. If it is below 70, you could try one of the following: • 3 or 4 glucose tablets • 1 serving of glucose gel—the amount equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate • 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of any fruit juice • 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of a regular (not diet) soft drink • 1 cup (8 ounces) of milk • 5 or 6 pieces of hard candy • 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey After 15 minutes, check your blood glucose again. If it’s still too low, have another serving. Repeat these steps until your blood glucose level is 70 or higher. If it will be an hour or more before your next meal, have a snack as well. The Diabetes Food Pyramid The diabetes food pyramid can help you make wise food choices. It divides foods into groups, based on what they contain. Eat more from the groups at the bottom of the pyramid, and less from the groups at the top. Foods from the starches, fruits, vegetables, and milk groups are highest in carbohydrate. They affect your blood glucose levels the most. Starches Starches are bread, grains, cereal, pasta, and starchy vegetables like corn and potatoes. They provide carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Whole grain starches are healthier because they have more vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Eat some starches at each meal. Eating starches is healthy for everyone, including people with diabetes. Examples of starches are: • bread • pasta • corn • pretzels • potatoes • rice • crackers • cereal • tortillas • beans • lentils If your plan includes more than one serving at a meal, you can choose different starches or have several servings of one starch. What are healthy ways to eat starches? • Buy whole grain breads and cereals. • Eat fewer fried and high-fat starches such as regular tortilla chips and potato chips, french fries, pastries, or biscuits. Try pretzels, fat-free popcorn, baked tortilla chips or potato chips, baked potatoes, or low-fat muffins. • Use low-fat or fat-free plain yogurt or fat-free sour cream instead of regular sour cream on a baked potato. • Use mustard instead of mayonnaise on a sandwich. • Use low-fat or fat-free substitutes such as low-fat mayonnaise or light margarine on bread, rolls, or toast. • Eat cereal with fat-free (skim) or low-fat (1%) milk. Vegetables Vegetables provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They are low in carbohydrate. Examples of vegetables include: • lettuce • broccoli • vegetable juice • spinach • peppers • carrots • green beans • tomatoes • celery • greens • cabbage If your plan includes more than one serving at a meal, you can choose several types of vegetables or have two or three servings of one vegetable. What are healthy ways to eat vegetables? • Eat raw and cooked vegetables with little or no fat, sauces, or dressings. • Try low-fat or fat-free salad dressing on raw vegetables or salads. • Steam vegetables using water or low-fat broth. • Mix in some chopped onion or garlic. • Use a little vinegar or some lemon or lime juice. • Add a small piece of lean ham or turkey instead of fat to vegetables when cooking. • Sprinkle with herbs and spices. • If you do use a small amount of fat, use canola oil, olive oil, or soft margarines (liquid or tub types) instead of fat from meat, butter, or shortening. Fruits Fruits provide carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Examples of fruits include: • apples • fruit juice • strawberries • dried fruit • grapefruit • bananas • raisins • oranges • watermelon • peaches • mango • guava • papaya • berries • canned fruit If your plan includes more than one serving at a meal, you can choose different types of fruit or have several servings of one fruit. What are healthy ways to eat fruits? • Eat fruits raw or cooked, as juice with no sugar added, canned in their own juice, or dried. • Buy smaller pieces of fruit. • Choose pieces of fruit more often than fruit juice. Whole fruit is more filling and has more fiber. • Save high-sugar and high-fat fruit desserts such as peach cobbler or cherry pie for special occasions. Milk Milk provides carbohydrate, protein, calcium, vitamins, and minerals. Note: If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have four to five servings of milk each day. What are healthy ways to have milk? • Drink fat-free (skim) or low-fat (1%) milk. • Eat low-fat or fat-free fruit yogurt sweetened with a low-calorie sweetener. • Use low-fat plain yogurt as a substitute for sour cream. Meat and Meat Substitutes The meat and meat substitutes group includes meat, poultry, eggs, cheese, fish, and tofu. Eat small amounts of some of these foods each day. Meat and meat substitutes provide protein, vitamins, and minerals. Examples of meat and meat substitutes include • chicken • beef • fish • canned tuna or other fish • eggs • peanut butter • tofu • cottage cheese • cheese • pork • lamb • turkey What are healthy ways to eat meat and meat substitutes? * Choose cuts of beef, pork, ham, and lamb with little fat. Trim off the extra fat. * Eat chicken or turkey without the skin. * Cook meat and meat substitutes in low-fat ways: * broil * grill * stir-fry * steam * microwave * To add flavour use vinegar, lemon juice, soy sauce, salsa, barbecue sauce, herbs. * Cook eggs using cooking spray or a non-stick pan. * Limit amount of nuts, peanut butter and fried foods you eat. They are high in fat. * Check food labels. Choose low-fat or fat-free cheese. Fats and Sweets Limit the amount of fats and sweets you eat. Fats and sweets are not as nutritious as other foods. Fats have a lot of calories. Sweets can be high in carbohydrate and fat. Some contain saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol that increase your risk of heart disease. Limiting these foods will help you lose weight and keep your blood glucose and blood fats under control. Examples of fats include: • salad dressing • oil • cream cheese • butter • margarine • mayonnaise • avocado • olives • bacon Examples of sweets include: • cake • ice cream • pie • syrup • cookies • doughnuts How can I satisfy my sweet tooth? Try having sugar-free ice blocks, diet drinks, fat-free ice cream or frozen yogurt, or sugar- free hot cocoa mix. Other tips: • Share desserts in restaurants. • Order small or child-size servings of ice cream or frozen yogurt. • Divide homemade desserts into small servings and wrap each individually. Freeze extra servings. Remember, fat-free and low-sugar foods still have calories. Talk with your diabetes teacher about how to fit sweets into your meal plan. Alcoholic Drinks Alcoholic drinks have calories but no nutrients. If you have alcoholic drinks on an empty stomach, they can make your blood glucose level go too low. Alcoholic drinks also can raise your blood fats. If you want to have alcoholic drinks, talk with your doctor about how much to have. Measuring Your Food To make sure your food servings are the right size, you can use • measuring cups • measuring spoons • a food scale The Nutrition Facts label on food packages tells you how much of that food is in one serving. Supplements & Nutritional Doctors in Germany have discovered that Alpha Lipoic Acid helps diabetics control their blood sugar. It's a medically approved treatment for diabetics in Germany. When You’re Sick Take care of yourself when you’re sick. Being sick can make your blood glucose rise too high. Tips on what to do include the following: • Check your blood glucose level every 4 hours. Write down the results. • Keep taking your diabetes medicines. You need them even if you can’t keep food down. • Drink at least one cup of water or other calorie-free, caffeine-free liquid every hour while you’re awake. • If you can’t eat your usual food, try drinking juice or eating crackers, ice blocks, or soup. • If you can’t eat at all, drink clear liquids such as ginger ale. Eat or drink something with sugar in it if you have trouble keeping food down, because you still need calories. If you can’t eat enough, you increase your risk of low blood glucose, also called hypoglycemia. • In people with type 1 diabetes, when blood glucose is high, the body produces ketones. Ketones can make you sick. Test your urine or blood for ketones if * your blood glucose is above 240 * you can’t keep food or liquids down * Care for your eyes to avoid retinopathy and other eye problems. Call your health care provider right away if: * your blood glucose has been above 240 for longer than a day * you feel sleepier than usual * you have trouble breathing * you can’t think clearly * you throw up more than once * you’ve had diarrhea for more than 6 hours Successful diabetes symptom control hinges on a patient's ability to understand how to manage the disease. If you have uncontrolled diabetes or trouble balancing your blood sugar, the best approach to better health is to focus on taking control of your diet and overall well-being. Note: This publication is for general information only. It may contain information about how to treat a health condition and is not to replace medical attention. Consult your own medical practitioner before changing your diet or exercise routine. When this publication was prepared, it included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about peripheral neuropathy and diabetes treatments, please contact your trusted medical practitioner. This information report is an extract from The National Diabetes Information (NDIC) which is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). You can read the full guide at http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/eating_ez/index.htm or Thermomedic therapy clothes. |
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